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Teacher's Guide...
Micromeasurement

The reactions required for genetic analysis at the molecular level require VERY small amounts of protein, reagents, and enzymes. The two most common units of liquid measurement that are used in these laboratory experiments are the milliliter (mL) and the microliter (uL).

1 mL = 1/1,000 liter 1,000 mL = 1 liter
1 uL = 1/1,000,000 liter 1,000,000 uL = 1 liter

Use of Micropipettes:

Digital micropipette

There are three important DON'TS when using a digital micropipette:

(1) DON'T attempt to use the pipet without a tip in place. This can ruin the precision piston that determines the volume of the fluid.
(2) DON'T lay down a pipet that has a filled tip. Fluid in the tip could run back into the pipet and ruin the precision piston.
(3) DON'T let the delivery button (control button) snap back after withdrawing or delivering fluid.
To use a digital pipet:
(1) Rotate the delivery button to the desired volume.
(2) Push the pipet firmly into the proper size micropipette tip.
(3) While withdrawing or expelling liquid, hold the vessel and pipet at nearly eye level. It is important to watch while you pipet.
(4) Hold the pipet close to the vertical while pipeting.
To withdraw a sample:
(1) Depress the button to the first stop and hold the button in that position. Dip the tip of the pipet into the fluid to be pipeted and slowly release the button to draw the fluid into the tip.
(2) Slide the tip of the pipet along the side wall of the reagent tube to knock off excess fluid that might have remained on the outside of the tip.
To expel a sample into a reagent tube:
(**1) Touch the pipet tip to the inside wall of the reaction tube (microcentrifuge tube) into which the sample will go. This will help create a capillary effect that should help draw the fluid out of the pipet tip.
(2) To expel the sample, slowly depress the button to the first stop. Wait a second or two and then press on to the second stop to blow out the last bit of fluid. Continue to hold the button in the second position as the pipet tip is withdrawn from the tube.
(3) To eject the tip (if the pipet has this feature), press the ejector button down while the pipet is held over a beaker designated as the receptacle for used tips.
(4) To prevent contamination of the reagents used in the laboratory, follow these guidelines:
* Always add appropriate amounts of a single reagent sequentially to all reaction (microcentrifuge) tubes.
* Release each reagent drop onto a NEW LOCATION on the inside wall of the reaction tube. In this way you can continue to use the same tip to pipet a number of samples of a single reagent into different reaction tubes.
* Use a fresh pipet tip for each new reagent you pipet.
Microcapillary pipet
Microcapillary micropipettes are capillary tubes that are marked to accept a specific microquantity of fluid. Usually they employ a bulb-type plunger, or a thin metal rod for suction. If due care is used, they are an accurate and economical way to apply samples for use in electrophoresis.
(Piston Type)
(1) Insert the metal piston (wire) nearly all the way into the capillary tube. (Try not to expose piston to the sample.)
(2) Dip the tip of the capillary tube into the fluid, pulling back on the wire piston to fill tube. Draw up to the line.
(3) To expel, push down on the wire piston. Touch the tip of the capillary tube to the inside wall of the microcentrifuge (reaction) tube. (See "**1", above.) To prevent contamination of the reagents used in the laboratory, follow these guidelines:
* Always add appropriate amounts of a single reagent sequentially to all reaction (microcentrifuge) tubes.
* Release each reagent drop onto a NEW LOCATION on the inside wall of the reaction tube. In this way you can continue to use the same tip to pipet a number of samples of a single reagent into different reaction tubes.
* Use a fresh micropipet for each new reagent you pipet.

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