Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to
  Antibacterial Agents
  • Drug Inactivation
    - Examples B-lactamases; esterases, etc.

  • Target Alteration
    - Methylated ribosomes; altered gyrase; ala-ala.

  • Decreased Permeability
    - Efflux pumps
      (ex. tetracyclines; possibility macrolides)

  • Metabolic Bypass
    - Alteration of the folic acid pathway
      (ex. sulfa drugs)