Background Articles:

Stong, C.L. The Amateur Scientist: Various Kinds of Chromatography, Especially the Thin-Layer Method. Scientific American. March 1969 vol. 220 number 3 pages 124-128.
Thin-layer chromatography is the easiest method to demonstrate in a classroom how chromatography is used to separate materials.

Sander, Lane C. Preparation of Glass Columns for Visual Demonstration of Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. Apr 1988 vol. 65 number 4 pages 373-74.
Described is the separation of dyes using a conventional liquid chromatographic pump and a glass column. Included are the preparation of the column and dye separations.

Parikh, Indu and Cuatrecasas, Pedro. Special Report: Affinity Chromatography. Chemical and Engineering News. Aug 26 1985 vol. 63 number 34 pages 17-29,32.
Describes the nature of affinity chromatography and its use in purifying enzymes, studying cell interactions, exploring hormone receptors, and other areas. The potential the technique may have in treating disease is also considered.

Costanzo, Samuel J. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. Nov 1984 vol. 61 number 11 page 1015-18.
Clarifies where in the scheme of modern chromatography high performance thin layer chromatography (TLC) fits and why in some situations it is a viable alternative to gas and high performance liquid chromatography. New TLC plates, sample applications, plate development, and instrumental techniques are considered.

Going Beyond, Going Further. Quantitative Application of Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Analysis of Organic Compounds. Giuliano, Vincenzo and Rieck, John Paul. Journal of Chemical Education. July 1987 vol. 64 number 7 pages 625-27.
Discusses the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in the chemical laboratory as a quantitative method for determining the molecular weights of organic compounds. Describes a simple method TLC as a quantitative tool.

Additional Background Selections Covering Different Types of Chromatography

All Articles are from Analytical Chemistry:

Theme issue with title Fundamental Reviews 1984.. Karasek, Francis W. and Others. Gas Chromatography. April, 1984 vol. 56 number 5 pages 174-199.
This review covers fundamental developments in gas chromatography during 1982 and 1983. It discusses fundamental developments in theory, methodology, and instrumentation.

Theme issue with title Fundamental Reviews 1984. Sherma, Joseph and Fried, Bernard. Thin-Layer and Paper Chromatography. April, 1984 vol. 56 number 5 pages 48-63.
Reviews literature on chromatography examining: books, articles, student experiments; chromatographic systems, techniques, apparatus; detecting and identification of separated zones; preparative chromatography and radiochromatography; and applications related to specific materials such as acids, alcohols, amino acids, antibiotics, enzymes, dyes, pigments, hormones, steroids, hydrocarbons, nucleic acids, toxins, pharmaceuticals, drugs, phenols, and vitamins.

Walton, Harold F. Ion Exchange and Liquid Column Chromatography. April 1980 vol. 52 number 5 pages 15-27.
Emphasizes recent advances in principles and methodology in ion exchange and chromatography. Two tables list representative examples for inorganic ions and organic compounds.

Gray, Gary R. Affinity Chromatography. April, 1980 vol. 52 number 5 pages 9-15.
Presents selected recent advances in immobilization chemistry which have important connections to affinity chromatography. Discusses ligand immobilization and support modification.

Poole, Colin F. and Poole, Salwa K. Modern Thin-Layer Chromatography. Nov 15 1989 vol. 61 number 22 pages 1257-69.
Some of the important modern developments of thin-layer chromatography are introduced. Discussed are the theory and instrumentation of thin-layer chromatography including multidimensional and multimodal techniques.

Fritz, James S. Instrumentation: Ion Chromatography. Feb 15 1987 vol. 59 number 4 pages 335-44.
Discusses the importance of ion chromatography in separating and measuring anions. The principles of ion exchange are presented, along with some applications of ion chromatography in industry. Ion chromatography systems are described, as well as ion pair and ion exclusion chromatography, column packings, detectors, and programming.

Walters, Rodney R. Report: Affinity Chromatography. Sep 1985 vol. 57 number 11 pages 1099-1114.
Supports, affinity ligands, immobilization, elution methods, and a number of applications are among the topics considered in this discussion of affinity chromatography. An outline of the basic principles of affinity chromatography is included.

Resources Describing Chromatography Activities

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Scharmann, Lawrence C. Autumn Leaf Chromatography. Science and Children. Sep 1984 vol. 22 number 1 pages 11-13.
Describes an experiment designed to introduce students to chromatographic techniques. Also describes a teacher demonstration in which leaves obtained during the spring and fall are analyzed using chromatography. Procedures for both the experiment and the demonstration are outlined.

Beals, Jacquelyn. See Spot Run: Elementary Lessons on Chromatography. Science and Children. Jan 1994 vol. 31 number 4 pages 28-30.
Describes a simple form of chromatography that illustrates several concepts of chemistry and physics and requires only inexpensive and readily available materials.

Ma, Yinfa and Yeung, Edward S. Determination of Components in Beverages by Thin-Layer Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. May 1990 vol. 67 number 5 pages 428-29.
Described is a simple and interesting chromatography experiment using three different fluorescence detection principles for the determination of caffeine, saccharin and sodium benzoate in beverages. Experimental procedures and an analysis and discussion of the results are included.

Markow, Peter G. The Ideal Solvent for Paper Chromatography of Food Dyes. Journal of Chemical Education. Oct 1988 vol. 65 number 10 pages 899-900.
Uses paper chromatography with food dyes to provide a simple and inexpensive basis for teaching chromatography. Provides experimental methodology and tabled results. Includes a solvent system comparison (Rf) for seven dyes and twenty-two solvents.

Jenkins, Christie L. Kool-Aid Chromatography. Science and Children. Apr 1986 vol. 23 number 7 pages 25-27.
Offers guidelines and suggests activities that can introduce middle school students to the process and principles of chromatography in an inexpensive and safe manner. Proposes that experiences with Kool-aid and food coloring chromatography can provide insights into how scientists think, work, and communicate.

DiNunzio, James E. Determination of Caffeine in Beverages by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. May 1985 vol. 62 number 5 pages 446-47.
Describes the equipment, procedures, and results for the determination of caffeine in beverages by high performance liquid chromatography. The method is simple, fast, accurate, and, because sample preparation is minimal, it is well suited for use in a teaching laboratory.

Bonicamp, Judith M. Separation and Identification of Commonly Used Drugs: A Thin-Layer Chromatography Experiment for Freshman Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education. Feb 1985 vol. 62 number 2 pages 160-61.
Describes a freshman chemistry experiment in which students separate and identify commonly used drugs by thin-layer chromatography. Materials needed, procedures used, and typical results obtained are included.

Estelrich, J. and Pouplana, R. The Purification of a Blood Group A Glycoprotein: An Affinity Chromatography Experiment. Journal of Chemical Education. Jun 1988 vol. 65 number 6 pages 556-57.
Describes a purification process through affinity chromatography necessary to obtain specific blood group glycoproteins from erythrocytic membranes. Discusses the preparation of erythrocytic membranes, extraction of glycoprotein from membranes, affinity chromatography purification, determination of glycoproteins, and results.

Schaber, Peter M. Chromatography: Separation of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b from their Diastereomers. Journal of Chemical Education. Dec 1985 vol. 62 number 12 pages 1110-13.
Background information, procedures used, and typical results obtained are provided for an experiment involving the separation of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b from their diastereomers. Reasons why the experiment can be easily integrated into most laboratory curricula where high-performance liquid chromatography capabilities exist are given.

Delaney, Michael F. and Others. Determination of Aspartame, Caffeine, Saccharin, and Benzoic Acid in Beverages by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. Jul 1985 vol. 62 number 7 pages 618-20.
Describes a simple and reliable new quantitative analysis experiment using liquid chromatography for the determination of caffeine, saccharin, and sodium benzoate in beverages. Background information, procedures used, and typical results obtained are provided.

Danot, M. and Others. An Undergraduate Column Chromatography Experiment. Journal of Chemical Education. Nov 1984 vol. 61 number 11 pages 1019-20.
Background information, list of materials needed, and procedures used are provided for an experiment designed to introduce undergraduate students to the theoretical and technical aspects of column chromatography. The experiment can also be shortened to serve as a demonstration of the column chromatography technique.

Bidlingmeyer, Brian A. and Warren, F. Vincent, Jr. Going Beyond, Going Further: An Inexpensive Experiment for the Introduction of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education. Aug 1984 vol. 61 number 8 pages 716-20.
Background information, materials needed, laboratory procedures, and typical results are provided for five high performance liquid chromatography experiments (three isocratic and two step gradient separations). Suggestions for further experimentation are also provided, including quantitative determinations and separation of charged solutes.

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